Help for package meteoland

Type:

Package

Title:

Landscape Meteorology Tools

Version:

2.2.3

Date:

2025-01-28

Description:

Functions to estimate weather variables at any position of a landscape [De Caceres et al. (2018) <doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.08.003>].

License:

GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)]

URL:

https://emf-creaf.github.io/meteoland/, https://github.com/emf-creaf/meteoland

BugReports:

https://github.com/emf-creaf/meteoland/issues

LazyData:

TRUE

Depends:

R (≥ 4.1.0)

Imports:

methods, sf, stars, stats, Rcpp, units, lifecycle, cli, dplyr, tidyr, rlang, assertthat, purrr, ncdfgeom, ncmeta, lubridate, cubelyr

Suggests:

knitr, rmarkdown, testthat (≥ 3.0.0), meteospain, worldmet, tibble

LinkingTo:

Rcpp

Encoding:

UTF-8

NeedsCompilation:

yes

VignetteBuilder:

knitr

RoxygenNote:

7.3.2

Config/testthat/edition:

Config/testthat/parallel:

true

Packaged:

2025-01-28 08:52:37 UTC; miquel

Author:

Miquel De Cáceres

[aut, cre], Víctor Granda

[aut], Nicolas Martin

[aut], Antoine Cabon

[aut]

Maintainer:

Miquel De Cáceres <miquelcaceres@gmail.com>

Repository:

CRAN

Date/Publication:

2025-01-28 09:30:04 UTC

meteoland: Landscape Meteorology Tools

Description

Functions to estimate weather variables at any position of a landscape

Author(s)

Maintainer: Miquel De Cáceres miquelcaceres@gmail.com ORCID

Authors:

Víctor Granda ORCID
Nicolas Martin ORCID
Antoine Cabon ORCID

References

De Caceres et al., 2018 (doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.08.003))

Add topography data to meteo object

Description

Add topography data to meteo object

Usage

add_topo(meteo, topo, verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE))

Arguments

meteo

meteo object

topo

topo object

verbose

Logical indicating if the function must show messages and info. Default value checks "meteoland_verbosity" option and if not set, defaults to TRUE. It can be turned off for the function with FALSE, or session wide with options(meteoland_verbosity = FALSE)

Details

When using meteo data without topography info to create an interpolator, topography must be added

Value

meteo with the topography info added

Examples

# example meteo
data(meteoland_meteo_no_topo_example)
# example topo
data(meteoland_topo_example)
# add topo
with_meteo(meteoland_meteo_no_topo_example) |>
  add_topo(meteoland_topo_example)

Complete missing meteo variables

Description

Calculates missing values of relative humidity, radiation and potential evapotranspiration from a data frame with daily values of minimum/maximum/mean temperature and precipitation. The function takes a meteo object (with meteoland names) and complete any missing variable if it is possible

Usage

complete_meteo(
  meteo,
  params = defaultInterpolationParams(),
  verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE)
)

Arguments

meteo

meteoland weather data

params

A list containing parameters for PET estimation. By default the result of defaultInterpolationParams.

verbose

Details

#' The function fills values for humidity, radiation and PET only if they are missing in the input data frame. If a column 'SpecificHumidity' is present in the input data, relative humidity is calculated from it. Otherwise, relative humidity is calculated assuming that dew point temperature equals the minimum temperature. Potential solar radiation is calculated from latitude, slope and aspect. Incoming solar radiation is then corrected following Thornton & Running (1999) and potential evapotranspiration following Penman (1948).

Value

the same meteo data provided with the the variables completed

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, EMF-CREAF

Victor Granda García, EMF-CREAF

References

Thornton, P.E., Running, S.W., 1999. An improved algorithm for estimating incident daily solar radiation from measurements of temperature, humidity, and precipitation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 93, 211-228.

Penman, H. L. 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 193, 120-145.

Examples



# example data
data("meteoland_meteo_example")

# remove MinRelativeHumidity
meteoland_meteo_example$MinRelativeHumidity <- NULL
# complete vars
completed_meteo <- complete_meteo(meteoland_meteo_example)
# check MinRelativeHumidity
completed_meteo$MinRelativeHumidity

Meteoland interpolator creation

Description

Function to create the meteoland interpolator

Usage

create_meteo_interpolator(
  meteo_with_topo,
  params = NULL,
  verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE)
)

Arguments

meteo_with_topo

Meteo object, as returned by with_meteo

params

Interpolation parameters as a list. Typically the result of defaultInterpolationParams.

verbose

Details

This function takes meteorology information and a list of interpolation parameters and creates the interpolator object to be ready to use.

Value

an interpolator object (stars)

Author(s)

Victor Granda García, EMF-CREAF

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, EMF-CREAF

Examples


# example meteo data
data(meteoland_meteo_example)

# create the interpolator with default params
with_meteo(meteoland_meteo_example) |>
  create_meteo_interpolator()

# create the interpolator with some params changed
with_meteo(meteoland_meteo_example) |>
  create_meteo_interpolator(params = list(debug = TRUE))

Default interpolation parameters

Description

Returns a list with the default parameterization for interpolation. Most parameter values are set according to Thornton et al. (1997).

Usage

defaultInterpolationParams()

Value

A list with the following items (default values in brackets):

initial_Rp [= 140000]: Initial truncation radius.
iterations [= 3]: Number of station density iterations.
alpha_MinTemperature [= 3.0]: Gaussian shape parameter for minimum temperature.
alpha_MaxTemperature [= 3.0]: Gaussian shape parameter for maximum temperature.
alpha_DewTemperature [= 3.0]: Gaussian shape parameter for dew-point temperature.
alpha_PrecipitationEvent [= 5.0]: Gaussian shape parameter for precipitation events.
alpha_PrecipitationAmount [= 5.0]: Gaussian shape parameter for the regression of precipitation amounts.
alpha_Wind [= 3.0]: Gaussian shape parameter for wind.
N_MinTemperature [= 30]: Average number of stations with non-zero weights for minimum temperature.
N_MaxTemperature [= 30]: Average number of stations with non-zero weights for maximum temperature.
N_DewTemperature [= 30]: Average number of stations with non-zero weights for dew-point temperature.
N_PrecipitationEvent [= 5]: Average number of stations with non-zero weights for precipitation events.
N_PrecipitationAmount [= 20]: Average number of stations with non-zero weights for the regression of precipitation amounts.
N_Wind [= 2]: Average number of stations with non-zero weights for wind.
St_Precipitation [= 5]: Number of days for the temporal smoothing of precipitation.
St_TemperatureRange [= 15]: Number of days for the temporal smoothing of temperature range.
pop_crit [= 0.50]: Critical precipitation occurrence parameter.
f_max [= 0.6]: Maximum value for precipitation regression extrapolations (0.6 equals to a maximum of 4 times extrapolation).
wind_height [= 10]: Wind measurement height (in m).
wind_roughness_height [= 0.001]: Wind roughness height (in m), for PET calculations.
penman_albedo [= 0.25]: Albedo for PET calculations.
penman_windfun [= "1956"]: Wind speed function version, either "1948" or "1956", for PET calculation.
debug [= FALSE]: Boolean flag to show extra console output.

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, CREAF

References

Thornton, P.E., Running, S.W., White, M. A., 1997. Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain. J. Hydrol. 190, 214–251. doi:10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03128-9.

De Caceres M, Martin-StPaul N, Turco M, Cabon A, Granda V (2018) Estimating daily meteorological data and downscaling climate models over landscapes. Environmental Modelling and Software 108: 186-196.

Retrieving interpolation parameters from interpolator object

Description

Retrieve the parameter list from and interpolator object

Usage

get_interpolation_params(interpolator)

Arguments

interpolator

interpolator object as returned by create_meteo_interpolator

Value

The complete parameter list from the interpolator object

Author(s)

Victor Granda García, EMF-CREAF

Examples

# example interpolator
data(meteoland_interpolator_example)
# get the params from the interpolator
get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)

Humidity conversion tools

Description

Functions to transform relative humidity to specific humidity or dew point temperature and viceversa.

Usage

humidity_relative2dewtemperature(Tc, HR)

humidity_dewtemperature2relative(Tc, Td, allowSaturated = FALSE)

humidity_specific2relative(Tc, HS, allowSaturated = FALSE)

humidity_relative2specific(Tc, HR)

Arguments

Tc

A numeric vector of temperature in degrees Celsius.

HR

A numeric vector of relative humidity (in %).

Td

A numeric vector of dew temperature in degrees Celsius.

allowSaturated

Logical flag to allow values over 100%

HS

A numeric vector of specific humidity (unitless).

Value

A numeric vector with specific or relative humidity.

Author(s)

Nicholas Martin-StPaul, INRA

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, CREAF

Interpolation process for spatial data

Description

Interpolate spatial data to obtain downscaled meteorologic variables

Usage

interpolate_data(
  spatial_data,
  interpolator,
  dates = NULL,
  variables = NULL,
  ignore_convex_hull_check = FALSE,
  verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE)
)

Arguments

spatial_data

An sf or stars raster object to interpolate

interpolator

A meteoland interpolator object, as created by create_meteo_interpolator

dates

vector with dates to interpolate (must be within the interpolator date range). Default to NULL (all dates present in the interpolator object)

variables

vector with variable names to be interpolated. NULL (default), will interpolate all variables. Accepted names are "Temperature", "Precipitation", "RelativeHumidity", "Radiation" and "Wind"

ignore_convex_hull_check

Logical indicating whether errors in convex hull checks should be ignored. Checking for points to be inside the convex hull will normally raise an error if >10% of points are outside. Setting ignore_convex_hull_check = TRUE means that a warning is raised but interpolation is performed, which can be useful to users interpolating on a few points close but outside of the convex hull.

verbose

Details

This function takes a spatial data object (sf or stars raster), an interpolator object (create_meteo_interpolator) and a vector of dates to perform the interpolation of the meteorologic variables for the spatial locations present in the spatial_data object.

Value

an object with the same class and structure as the provided spatial data with the results of the interpolation joined. In the case of spatial data being an sf, the results are added as a list-type column that can be unnested with unnest. In the case of a stars raster object, interpolation results are added as attributes (variables)

Spatial data

The spatial data provided must be of two types. (I) A sf object containing POINT for each location to interpolate or (II) a stars raster object for which the interpolation should be done. Independently of the class of spatial_data it has to have some mandatory variables, namely elevation. It should also contain aspect and slope for a better interpolation process, though this two variables are not mandatory.

Author(s)

Victor Granda García, EMF-CREAF

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, EMF-CREAF

Examples



# example of data to interpolate and example interpolator
data("points_to_interpolate_example")
data("meteoland_interpolator_example")

# interpolate data
res <- interpolate_data(points_to_interpolate_example, meteoland_interpolator_example)

# check result
# same class as input data
class(res)
# data
res
# results for the first location
res[["interpolated_data"]][1]
# unnest results
tidyr::unnest(res, cols = "interpolated_data")

Calibration and validation of interpolation procedures

Description

Calibration and validation of interpolation procedures

Usage

interpolation_cross_validation(
  interpolator,
  stations = NULL,
  verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE)
)

interpolator_calibration(
  interpolator,
  stations = NULL,
  update_interpolation_params = FALSE,
  variable = "MinTemperature",
  N_seq = seq(5, 30, by = 5),
  alpha_seq = seq(0.25, 10, by = 0.25),
  verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE)
)

Arguments

interpolator

A meteoland interpolator object, as created by create_meteo_interpolator

stations

A vector with the stations (numeric for station indexes or character for stations id) to be used to calculate "MAE". All stations with data are included in the training set but predictive "MAE" are calculated for the stations subset indicated in stations param only. If NULL all stations are used in the predictive "MAE" calculation.

verbose

update_interpolation_params

Logical indicating if the interpolator object must be updated with the calculated parameters. Default to FALSE

variable

A string indicating the meteorological variable for which interpolation parameters "N" and "alpha" will be calibrated. Accepted values are:

MinTemperature (kernel for minimum temperature)
MaxTemperature (kernel for maximum temperature)
DewTemperature (kernel for dew-temperature (i.e. relative humidity))
Precipitation (to calibrate the same kernel for both precipitation events and regression of precipitation amounts; not recommended)
PrecipitationAmount (kernel for regression of precipitation amounts)
PrecipitationEvent (kernel for precipitation events)

N_seq

Numeric vector with "N" values to be tested

alpha_seq

Numeric vector with "alpha"

Details

Function interpolator_calibration determines optimal interpolation parameters "N" and "alpha" for a given meteorological variable. Optimization is done by minimizing mean absolute error ("MAE") (Thornton et al. 1997). Function interpolation_cross_validation calculates average mean absolute errors ("MAE") for the prediction period of the interpolator object. In both calibration and cross validation procedures, predictions for each meteorological station are made using a leave-one-out procedure (i.e. after excluding the station from the predictive set).

Value

interpolation_cross_validation returns a list with the following items

errors: Data frame with each combination of station and date with observed variables, predicated variables and the total error (predicted - observed) calculated for each variable
station_stats: Data frame with error and bias statistics aggregated by station
dates_stats: Data frame with error and bias statistics aggregated by date
r2: correlation indexes between observed and predicted values for each meteorological variable

If update_interpolation_params is FALSE (default), interpolator_calibration returns a list with the following items

MAE: A numeric matrix with the mean absolute error values, averaged across stations, for each combination of parameters "N" and "alpha"
minMAE: Minimum MAE value
N: Value of parameter "N" corresponding to the minimum MAE
alpha: Value of parameter "alpha" corresponding the the minimum MAE
observed: matrix with observed values (meteorological measured values)
predicted: matrix with interpolated values for the optimum parameter combination

If update_interpolation_params is FALSE, interpolator_calibration returns the interpolator provided with the parameters updated

Functions

interpolation_cross_validation():

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, EMF-CREAF

Victor Granda García, EMF-CREAF

References

Examples



# example interpolator
data("meteoland_interpolator_example")

# As the cross validation for all stations can be time consuming, we are
# gonna use only for the first 5 stations of the 198
cv <- interpolation_cross_validation(meteoland_interpolator_example, stations = 1:5)

# Inspect the results
cv$errors
cv$station_stats
cv$dates_stats
cv$r2




# example interpolator
data("meteoland_interpolator_example")

# As the calibration for all stations can be time consuming, we are gonna
# interpolate only for the first 5 stations of the 198 and only a handful
# of parameter combinations
calibration <- interpolator_calibration(
  meteoland_interpolator_example,
  stations = 1:5,
  variable = "MaxTemperature",
  N_seq = seq(10, 20, by = 5),
  alpha_seq = seq(8, 9, by = 0.25)
)

# we can update the interpolator params directly:
updated_interpolator <- interpolator_calibration(
  meteoland_interpolator_example,
  stations = 1:5,
  update_interpolation_params = TRUE,
  variable = "MaxTemperature",
  N_seq = seq(10, 20, by = 5),
  alpha_seq = seq(8, 9, by = 0.25)
)


# check the new interpolator have the parameters updated
get_interpolation_params(updated_interpolator)$N_MaxTemperature
get_interpolation_params(updated_interpolator)$alpha_MaxTemperature

Low-level interpolation functions

Description

Low-level functions to interpolate meteorology (one day) on a set of points.

Usage

interpolation_precipitation(
  Xp,
  Yp,
  Zp,
  X,
  Y,
  Z,
  P,
  Psmooth,
  iniRp = 140000,
  alpha_event = 6.25,
  alpha_amount = 6.25,
  N_event = 20L,
  N_amount = 20L,
  iterations = 3L,
  popcrit = 0.5,
  fmax = 0.95,
  debug = FALSE
)

interpolation_dewtemperature(
  Xp,
  Yp,
  Zp,
  X,
  Y,
  Z,
  T,
  iniRp = 140000,
  alpha = 3,
  N = 30L,
  iterations = 3L,
  debug = FALSE
)

interpolation_temperature(
  Xp,
  Yp,
  Zp,
  X,
  Y,
  Z,
  T,
  iniRp = 140000,
  alpha = 3,
  N = 30L,
  iterations = 3L,
  debug = FALSE
)

interpolation_wind(
  Xp,
  Yp,
  WS,
  WD,
  X,
  Y,
  iniRp = 140000,
  alpha = 2,
  N = 1L,
  iterations = 3L,
  directionsAvailable = TRUE
)

Arguments

Xp, Yp, Zp

Spatial coordinates and elevation (Zp; in m.a.s.l) of target points.

X, Y, Z

Spatial coordinates and elevation (Zp; in m.a.s.l) of reference locations (e.g. meteorological stations).

P

Precipitation at the reference locations (in mm).

Psmooth

Temporally-smoothed precipitation at the reference locations (in mm).

iniRp

Initial truncation radius.

iterations

Number of station density iterations.

popcrit

Critical precipitation occurrence parameter.

fmax

Maximum value for precipitation regression extrapolations (0.6 equals to a maximum of 4 times extrapolation).

debug

Boolean flag to show extra console output.

T

Temperature (e.g., minimum, maximum or dew temperature) at the reference locations (in degrees).

alpha, alpha_amount, alpha_event

Gaussian shape parameter.

N, N_event, N_amount

Average number of stations with non-zero weights.

WS, WD

Wind speed (in m/s) and wind direction (in degrees from north clock-wise) at the reference locations.

directionsAvailable

A flag to indicate that wind directions are available (i.e. non-missing) at the reference locations.

Details

This functions exposes internal low-level interpolation functions written in C++ not intended to be used directly in any script or function. The are maintained for compatibility with older versions of the package and future versions of meteoland will remove this functions (they will be still accessible through the triple colon notation (:::), but their use is not recommended)

Value

All functions return a vector with interpolated values for the target points.

Functions

interpolation_precipitation(): Precipitation
interpolation_dewtemperature(): Dew temperature
interpolation_wind(): Wind

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, CREAF

References

Examples


Xp <- as.numeric(sf::st_coordinates(points_to_interpolate_example)[,1])
Yp <- as.numeric(sf::st_coordinates(points_to_interpolate_example)[,2])
Zp <- points_to_interpolate_example$elevation
X <- as.numeric(
  sf::st_coordinates(stars::st_get_dimension_values(meteoland_interpolator_example, "station"))[,1]
)
Y <- as.numeric(
  sf::st_coordinates(stars::st_get_dimension_values(meteoland_interpolator_example, "station"))[,2]
)
Z <- as.numeric(meteoland_interpolator_example[["elevation"]][1,])
Temp <- as.numeric(meteoland_interpolator_example[["MinTemperature"]][1,])
P <- as.numeric(meteoland_interpolator_example[["Precipitation"]][1,])
Psmooth <- as.numeric(meteoland_interpolator_example[["SmoothedPrecipitation"]][1,])
WS <- as.numeric(meteoland_interpolator_example[["WindSpeed"]][1,])
WD <- as.numeric(meteoland_interpolator_example[["WindDirection"]][1,])
iniRp <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$initial_Rp
alpha <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$alpha_MinTemperature
N <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$N_MinTemperature
alpha_event <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$alpha_PrecipitationEvent
N_event <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$N_PrecipitationEvent
alpha_amount <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$alpha_PrecipitationAmount
N_amount <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$N_PrecipitationAmount
alpha_wind <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$alpha_Wind
N_wind <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$N_Wind
iterations <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$iterations
popcrit <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$pop_crit
fmax <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$f_max
debug <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$debug

interpolation_temperature(
  Xp, Yp, Zp,
  X[!is.na(Temp)], Y[!is.na(Temp)], Z[!is.na(Temp)],
  Temp[!is.na(Temp)],
  iniRp, alpha, N, iterations, debug
)

interpolation_wind(
  Xp, Yp,
  WS[!is.na(WD)], WD[!is.na(WD)],
  X[!is.na(WD)], Y[!is.na(WD)],
  iniRp, alpha_wind, N_wind, iterations, directionsAvailable = FALSE
)

interpolation_precipitation(
  Xp, Yp, Zp,
  X[!is.na(P)], Y[!is.na(P)], Z[!is.na(P)],
  P[!is.na(P)], Psmooth[!is.na(P)],
  iniRp, alpha_event, alpha_amount, N_event, N_amount,
  iterations, popcrit, fmax, debug
)

Example interpolator object

Description

Example interpolator with daily meteorological records from 189 weather stations in Catalonia (NE Spain) corresponding to April 2022.

Format

stars data cube object

Source

Spanish National Forest Inventory

Examples


data(meteoland_interpolator_example)

Example data set for meteo data from weather stations

Description

Example data set of spatial location, topography and daily meteorological records from 189 weather stations in Catalonia (NE Spain) corresponding to April 2022.

Format

sf object

Source

'Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya' (SMC)

Examples


data(meteoland_meteo_example)

Example data set for meteo data from weather stations, without topography

Description

Example data set of spatial location and daily meteorological records from 189 weather stations in Catalonia (NE Spain) corresponding to April 2022.

Format

sf object

Source

'Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya' (SMC)

Examples


data(meteoland_meteo_no_topo_example)

Example data set for topography data from weather stations, without meteo

Description

Example data set of spatial location and topography records from 189 weather stations in Catalonia (NE Spain).

Format

sf object

Source

'Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya' (SMC)

Examples


data(meteoland_topo_example)

From meteospain to meteoland meteo objects

Description

Adapting meteospain meteo objects to meteoland meteo objects

Usage

meteospain2meteoland(
  meteo,
  complete = FALSE,
  params = defaultInterpolationParams()
)

Arguments

meteo

meteospain meteo object.

complete

logical indicating if the meteo data missing variables should be calculated (if possible). Default to FALSE.

params

A list containing parameters for PET estimation. By default the result of defaultInterpolationParams.

Details

This function converts meteospain R package meteo objects to compatible meteoland meteo objects by selecting the needed variables and adapting the names to comply with meteoland requirements.

Value

a compatible meteo object to use with meteoland.

Examples


if (interactive()) {
  # meteospain data
  library(meteospain)
  mg_april_2022_data <- get_meteo_from(
    "meteogalicia",
    meteogalicia_options("daily", as.Date("2022-04-01"), as.Date("2022-04-30"))
  )

  # just convert
  meteospain2meteoland(mg_april_2022_data)
  # convert and complete
  meteospain2meteoland(mg_april_2022_data, complete = TRUE)

}

Potential evapotranspiration

Description

Functions to calculate potential evapotranspiration using Penman or Penman-Monteith.

Usage

penman(
  latrad,
  elevation,
  slorad,
  asprad,
  J,
  Tmin,
  Tmax,
  RHmin,
  RHmax,
  R_s,
  u,
  z = 10,
  z0 = 0.001,
  alpha = 0.25,
  windfun = "1956"
)

penmanmonteith(rc, elevation, Tmin, Tmax, RHmin, RHmax, Rn, u = NA_real_)

Arguments

latrad

Latitude in radians.

elevation

Elevation (in m).

slorad

Slope (in radians).

asprad

Aspect (in radians from North).

J

Julian day, number of days since January 1, 4713 BCE at noon UTC.

Tmin

Minimum temperature (degrees Celsius).

Tmax

Maximum temperature (degrees Celsius).

RHmin

Minimum relative humidity (percent).

RHmax

Maximum relative humidity (percent).

R_s

Solar radiation (MJ/m2).

u

With wind speed (m/s).

z

Wind measuring height (m).

z0

Roughness height (m).

alpha

Albedo.

windfun

Wind speed function version, either "1948" or "1956".

rc

Canopy vapour flux (stomatal) resistance (s·m-1).

Rn

Daily net radiation (MJ·m-2·day-1).

Details

The code was adapted from package ‘Evapotranspiration’, which follows McMahon et al. (2013). If wind speed is not available, an alternative formulation for potential evapotranspiration is used as an approximation (Valiantzas 2006)

Value

Potential evapotranspiration (in mm of water).

Functions

penmanmonteith(): Penman Monteith method

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, CREAF

References

Penman, H. L. 1948. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 193, 120-145.

Penman, H. L. 1956. Evaporation: An introductory survey. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 4, 9-29.

McMahon, T.A., Peel, M.C., Lowe, L., Srikanthan, R., McVicar, T.R. 2013. Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: a pragmatic synthesis. Hydrology & Earth System Sciences 17, 1331–1363. doi:10.5194/hess-17-1331-2013.

Example data set of points for interpolation of weather variables

Description

Example data set of spatial location and topography records from 15 experimental plots in Catalonia (NE Spain).

Format

sf object

Source

Spanish National Forest Inventory

Examples


data(points_to_interpolate_example)

Precipitation daily concentration

Description

Function precipitation_concentration() calculates daily precipitation concentration (Martin-Vide et al. 2004).

Usage

precipitation_concentration(p)

Arguments

p

A numeric vector with daily precipitation values.

Value

Function precipitation_concentration() returns a value between 0 (equal distribution of rainfall) and 1 (one day concentrates all rainfall).

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, CREAF.

References

Martin-Vide J (2004) Spatial distribution of a daily precipitation concentration index in peninsular Spain. International Journal of Climatology 24, 959–971. doi:10.1002/joc.1030.

Precipitation rainfall erosivity

Description

Function precipitation_rainfall_erosivity() calculates a multi-year average of monthly rainfall erosivity using the MedREM model proposed by Diodato and Bellochi (2010) for the Mediterranean area (see also Guerra et al. 2016).

Usage

precipitation_rainfall_erosivity(
  meteo_data,
  longitude,
  scale = c("month", "year"),
  average = TRUE
)

Arguments

meteo_data

A meteo tibble as with the dates and meteorological variables as returned by interpolate_data in the "interpolated_data" column.

longitude

Longitude in degrees.

scale

Character, either 'month' or 'year'. Default to 'month'

average

Boolean flag to calculate multi-year averages before applying MedREM's formula.

Details

MedREM model is: Rm = b0·P·sqrt(d)·(alpha + b1*longitude), where P is accumulated precipitation and d is maximum daily precipitation. Parameters used for the MedREM model are b0 = 0.117, b1 = -0.015, alpha = 2. Note that there is a mistake in Guerra et al. (2016) regarding parameters b1 and a.

Value

A vector of values for each month (in MJ·mm·ha-1·h-1·month-1) or each year (in MJ·mm·ha-1·h-1·yr-1), depending on the scale

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, CREAF.

Víctor Granda García, CREAF.

References

Diodato, N., Bellocchi, G., 2010. MedREM, a rainfall erosivity model for the Mediterranean region. J. Hydrol. 387, 119–127, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.003.

Guerra CA, Maes J, Geijzendorffer I, Metzger MJ (2016) An assessment of soil erosion prevention by vegetation in Mediterranean Europe: Current trends of ecosystem service provision. Ecol Indic 60:213–222. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.043.

Examples


interpolated_example <-
  interpolate_data(points_to_interpolate_example, meteoland_interpolator_example)

precipitation_rainfall_erosivity(
  meteo_data = interpolated_example$interpolated_data[[1]],
  longitude = 2.32,
  scale = "month",
  average = TRUE
)

Solar radiation utility functions

Description

Set of functions used in the calculation of incoming solar radiation and net radiation.

Usage

radiation_julianDay(year, month, day)

radiation_dateStringToJulianDays(dateStrings)

radiation_solarDeclination(J)

radiation_solarConstant(J)

radiation_sunRiseSet(latrad, slorad, asprad, delta)

radiation_solarElevation(latrad, delta, hrad)

radiation_daylength(latrad, slorad, asprad, delta)

radiation_daylengthseconds(latrad, slorad, asprad, delta)

radiation_potentialRadiation(solarConstant, latrad, slorad, asprad, delta)

radiation_solarRadiation(
  solarConstant,
  latrad,
  elevation,
  slorad,
  asprad,
  delta,
  diffTemp,
  diffTempMonth,
  vpa,
  precipitation
)

radiation_directDiffuseInstant(
  solarConstant,
  latrad,
  slorad,
  asprad,
  delta,
  hrad,
  R_s,
  clearday
)

radiation_directDiffuseDay(
  solarConstant,
  latrad,
  slorad,
  asprad,
  delta,
  R_s,
  clearday,
  nsteps = 24L
)

radiation_skyLongwaveRadiation(Tair, vpa, c = 0)

radiation_outgoingLongwaveRadiation(
  solarConstant,
  latrad,
  elevation,
  slorad,
  asprad,
  delta,
  vpa,
  tmin,
  tmax,
  R_s
)

radiation_netRadiation(
  solarConstant,
  latrad,
  elevation,
  slorad,
  asprad,
  delta,
  vpa,
  tmin,
  tmax,
  R_s,
  alpha = 0.08
)

Arguments

year, month, day

Year, month and day as integers.

dateStrings

A character vector with dates in format "YYYY-MM-DD".

J

Julian day (integer), number of days since January 1, 4713 BCE at noon UTC.

latrad

Latitude (in radians North).

slorad

Slope (in radians).

asprad

Aspect (in radians from North).

delta

Solar declination (in radians).

hrad

Solar hour (in radians).

solarConstant

Solar constant (in kW·m-2).

elevation

Elevation above sea level (in m).

diffTemp

Difference between maximum and minimum temperature (ºC).

diffTempMonth

Difference between maximum and minimum temperature, averaged over 30 days (ºC).

vpa

Average daily vapor pressure (kPa).

precipitation

Precipitation (in mm).

R_s

Daily incident solar radiation (MJ·m-2).

clearday

Boolean flag to indicate a clearsky day (vs. overcast).

nsteps

Number of daily substeps.

Tair

Air temperature (in degrees Celsius).

c

Proportion of sky covered by clouds (0-1).

tmin, tmax

Minimum and maximum daily temperature (ºC).

alpha

Surface albedo (from 0 to 1).

Value

Values returned for each function are:

radiation_dateStringToJulianDays: A vector of Julian days (i.e. number of days since January 1, 4713 BCE at noon UTC).
radiation_daylength: Day length (in hours).
radiation_daylengthseconds: Day length (in seconds).
radiation_directDiffuseInstant: A vector with instantaneous direct and diffusive radiation rates (for both SWR and PAR).
radiation_directDiffuseDay: A data frame with instantaneous direct and diffusive radiation rates (for both SWR and PAR) for each subdaily time step.
radiation_potentialRadiation: Daily (potential) solar radiation (in MJ·m-2).
radiation_julianDay: Number of days since January 1, 4713 BCE at noon UTC.
radiation_skyLongwaveRadiation: Instantaneous incoming (sky) longwave radiation (W·m-2).
radiation_outgoingLongwaveRadiation: Daily outgoing longwave radiation (MJ·m-2·day-1).
radiation_netRadiation: Daily net solar radiation (MJ·m-2·day-1).
radiation_solarConstant: Solar constant (in kW·m-2).
radiation_solarDeclination: Solar declination (in radians).
radiation_solarElevation: Angle of elevation of the sun with respect to the horizon (in radians).
radiation_solarRadiation: Daily incident solar radiation (MJ·m-2·day-1).
radiation_sunRiseSet: Sunrise and sunset hours in hour angle (radians).

Functions

radiation_dateStringToJulianDays(): Date string to julian days
radiation_solarDeclination(): solar declination
radiation_solarConstant(): solar constant
radiation_sunRiseSet(): sun rise and set
radiation_solarElevation(): solar elevation
radiation_daylength(): Day length
radiation_daylengthseconds(): Day length seconds
radiation_potentialRadiation(): Potential radiation
radiation_solarRadiation(): solar Radiation
radiation_directDiffuseInstant(): Direct diffuse instant
radiation_directDiffuseDay(): Direct diffuse day
radiation_skyLongwaveRadiation(): Sky longwave radiation
radiation_outgoingLongwaveRadiation(): Outgoing longwave radiation
radiation_netRadiation(): Net radiation

Note

Code for radiation_julianDay(), radiation_solarConstant() and radiation_solarDeclination() was translated to C++ from R code in package 'insol' (by J. G. Corripio).

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, CREAF

References

Danby, J. M. Eqn. 6.16.4 in Fundamentals of Celestial Mechanics, 2nd ed. Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, p. 207, 1988.

Garnier, B.J., Ohmura, A., 1968. A method of calculating the direct shortwave radiation income of slopes. J. Appl. Meteorol. 7: 796-800

McMahon, T. A., M. C. Peel, L. Lowe, R. Srikanthan, and T. R. McVicar. 2013. Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: a pragmatic synthesis. Hydrology & Earth System Sciences 17:1331–1363. See also: http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e06.htm.

Reda, I. and Andreas, A. 2003. Solar Position Algorithm for Solar Radiation Applications. 55 pp.; NREL Report No. TP-560-34302, Revised January 2008. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/34302.pdf

Spitters, C.J.T., Toussaint, H.A.J.M. and Goudriaan, J. (1986). Separating the diffuse and direct components of global radiation and its implications for modeling canopy photosynthesis. I. Components of incoming radiation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 38, 231–242.

Example raster data set for interpolation of weather variables

Description

Example raster data set of spatial location and topography records from Catalonia (NE Spain). Cell size is 1km x 1km and raster size is 10x10 cells.

Format

stars object

Source

ICGC

Examples


data(raster_to_interpolate_example)

Read interpolator files

Description

Read interpolator files created with write_interpolator

Usage

read_interpolator(filename)

Arguments

filename

interpolator file name

Details

This function takes the file name of the nc file storing an interpolator object and load it into the work environment

Value

an interpolator (stars) object

Author(s)

Victor Granda García, EMF-CREAF

Examples



# example interpolator
data(meteoland_interpolator_example)

# temporal folder
tmp_dir <- tempdir()

# write interpolator
write_interpolator(
  meteoland_interpolator_example,
  file.path(tmp_dir, "meteoland_interpolator_example.nc")
)

# check file exists
file.exists(file.path(tmp_dir, "meteoland_interpolator_example.nc"))

# read it again
read_interpolator(file.path(tmp_dir, "meteoland_interpolator_example.nc"))

Setting interpolation parameters in an interpolator object

Description

Changing or updating interpolation parameters in an interpolator object

Usage

set_interpolation_params(
  interpolator,
  params = NULL,
  verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE)
)

Arguments

interpolator

interpolator object to update

params

list with the parameters provided by the user

verbose

Details

This function ensures that if no parameters are provided, the default ones are used (see defaultInterpolationParams). Also, if params are partially provided, this function ensures that the rest of the parameters are not changed.

Value

The same interpolator object provided, with the updated interpolation parameters

Author(s)

Victor Granda García, EMF-CREAF

Examples

# example interpolator
data(meteoland_interpolator_example)
# store the actual parameters
old_parameters <- get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)
# we can provide only the parameter we want to change
meteoland_interpolator_example <- set_interpolation_params(
  meteoland_interpolator_example,
  list(debug = TRUE)
)
# check
get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example)$debug
# compare with old
old_parameters$debug
# the rest should be the same
setdiff(old_parameters, get_interpolation_params(meteoland_interpolator_example))

Summarise interpolated data by temporal dimension

Description

Summarises the interpolated meteorology in one or more locations by the desired temporal scale

Usage

summarise_interpolated_data(
  interpolated_data,
  fun = "mean",
  frequency = NULL,
  vars_to_summary = c("MeanTemperature", "MinTemperature", "MaxTemperature",
    "Precipitation", "MeanRelativeHumidity", "MinRelativeHumidity",
    "MaxRelativeHumidity", "Radiation", "WindSpeed", "WindDirection", "PET"),
  dates_to_summary = NULL,
  months_to_summary = 1:12,
  verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE),
  ...
)

Arguments

interpolated_data

An interpolated data object as returned by interpolate_data.

fun

The function to use for summarising the data.

frequency

A string indicating the interval specification (allowed ones are "week", "month", "quarter" and "year"). If NULL (default), aggregation is done in one interval for all the dates present.

vars_to_summary

A character vector with one or more variable names to summarise. By default, all interpolated variables are summarised.

dates_to_summary

A Date object to define the dates to be summarised. If NULL (default), all dates in the interpolated data are processed.

months_to_summary

A numeric vector with the month numbers to subset the data before summarising. (e.g. c(7,8) for July and August). This parameter allows studying particular seasons, when combined with frequency. For example frequency = "years" and months = 6:8 leads to summarizing summer months of each year.

verbose

...

Arguments needed for fun

Details

If interpolated_data is a nested interpolated data sf object, as returned by interpolate_data, temporal summary is done for each location present in the interpolated data. If interpolated_data is an unnested interpolated data sf object, temporal summary is done for all locations together. If interpolated_data is a single location data.frame containing the dates and the interpolated variables, temporal summary is done for that location. If interpolated_data is a stars object as returned by interpolate_data, temporal summary is done for all the raster.

Value

For a nested interpolated data, the same sf object with a new column with the temporal summaries. For an unnested interpolated data, a data.frame with the summarised meteo variables. For an interpolated raster (stars object), the same raster with the temporal dimension aggregated as desired.

Author(s)

Víctor Granda García, CREAF

Examples


# points interpolation aggregation
points_to_interpolate_example |>
  interpolate_data(meteoland_interpolator_example, verbose = FALSE) |>
  summarise_interpolated_data()

# raster interpolation aggregation
raster_to_interpolate_example |>
  interpolate_data(meteoland_interpolator_example, verbose = FALSE) |>
  summarise_interpolated_data()

Summarise interpolator objects by temporal dimension

Description

Summarises an interpolator object by the desired temporal scale.

Usage

summarise_interpolator(
  interpolator,
  fun = "mean",
  frequency = NULL,
  vars_to_summary = c("Temperature", "MinTemperature", "MaxTemperature", "Precipitation",
    "RelativeHumidity", "MinRelativeHumidity", "MaxRelativeHumidity", "Radiation",
    "WindSpeed", "WindDirection", "PET", "SmoothedPrecipitation",
    "SmoothedTemperatureRange", "elevation", "slope", "aspect"),
  dates_to_summary = NULL,
  months_to_summary = 1:12,
  verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE),
  ...
)

Arguments

interpolator

An interpolator object as created by create_meteo_interpolator.

fun

The function to use for summarising the data.

frequency

A string indicating the interval specification (allowed ones are "week", "month", "quarter" and "year"). If NULL (default), aggregation is done in one interval for all the dates present.

vars_to_summary

A character vector with one or more variable names to summarise. By default, all interpolated variables are summarised.

dates_to_summary

A Date object to define the dates to be summarised. If NULL (default), all dates in the interpolated data are processed.

months_to_summary

verbose

...

Arguments needed for fun

Value

summarise_interpolator function returns the same interpolator object provided with the temporal dimension aggregated to desired frequency.

Author(s)

Víctor Granda García, CREAF

Examples


# example interpolator
meteoland_interpolator_example

# aggregate all dates in the interpolator, calculating the maximum values
summarise_interpolator(meteoland_interpolator_example, fun = "max")

# aggregate weekly, calculating mean values
summarise_interpolator(meteoland_interpolator_example, frequency = "week")

Physical utility functions

Description

Set of functions used in the calculation of physical variables.

Usage

utils_saturationVP(temperature)

utils_averageDailyVP(Tmin, Tmax, RHmin, RHmax)

utils_atmosphericPressure(elevation)

utils_airDensity(temperature, Patm)

utils_averageDaylightTemperature(Tmin, Tmax)

utils_latentHeatVaporisation(temperature)

utils_latentHeatVaporisationMol(temperature)

utils_psychrometricConstant(temperature, Patm)

utils_saturationVaporPressureCurveSlope(temperature)

Arguments

temperature

Air temperature (ºC).

Tmin, Tmax

Minimum and maximum daily temperature (ºC).

RHmin, RHmax

Minimum and maximum relative humidity (%).

elevation

Elevation above sea level (in m).

Patm

Atmospheric air pressure (in kPa).

Value

Values returned for each function are:

utils_airDensity: air density (in kg·m-3).
utils_atmosphericPressure: Air atmospheric pressure (in kPa).
utils_averageDailyVP: average (actual) vapour pressure (in kPa).
utils_averageDaylightTemperature: average daylight air temperature (in ºC).

utils_latentHeatVaporisation: Latent heat of vaporisation (MJ·kg-1).

utils_latentHeatVaporisationMol: Latent heat of vaporisation (J·mol-1).
utils_psychrometricConstant: Psychrometric constant (kPa·ºC-1).
utils_saturationVP: saturation vapour pressure (in kPa).
utils_saturationVaporPressureCurveSlope: Slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve (kPa·ºC-1).

Functions

utils_averageDailyVP(): Average daily VP
utils_atmosphericPressure(): Atmospheric pressure
utils_airDensity(): Air density
utils_averageDaylightTemperature(): Daylight temperature
utils_latentHeatVaporisation(): latent heat vaporisation
utils_latentHeatVaporisationMol(): Heat vaporisation mol
utils_psychrometricConstant(): psychrometric constant
utils_saturationVaporPressureCurveSlope(): Saturation VP curve slope

Author(s)

Miquel De Cáceres Ainsa, CREAF

References

McMurtrie, R. E., D. A. Rook, and F. M. Kelliher. 1990. Modelling the yield of Pinus radiata on a site limited by water and nitrogen. Forest Ecology and Management 30:381–413.

Ensure meteo object is ready to create an interpolator object

Description

Check integrity of meteo objects

Usage

with_meteo(meteo, verbose = getOption("meteoland_verbosity", TRUE))

Arguments

meteo

meteo object

verbose

Details

This function is the first step in the creation of a meteoland interpolator, ensuring the meteo provided contains all the required elements

Value

invisible meteo object ready to pipe in the interpolator creation

Examples

# example meteo
data(meteoland_meteo_example)
with_meteo(meteoland_meteo_example)

From worldmet to meteoland meteo objects

Description

Adapting importNOAA meteo objects to meteoland meteo objects

Usage

worldmet2meteoland(
  meteo,
  complete = FALSE,
  params = defaultInterpolationParams()
)

Arguments

meteo

worldmet meteo object.

complete

logical indicating if the meteo data missing variables should be calculated (if possible). Default to FALSE.

params

A list containing parameters for PET estimation. By default the result of defaultInterpolationParams.

Details

This function converts importNOAA meteo objects to compatible meteoland meteo objects by selecting the needed variables and adapting the names to comply with meteoland requirements. Also it aggregates subdaily data as well as complete missing variables if possible (setting complete = TRUE)

Value

a compatible meteo object to use with meteoland.

Examples


if (interactive()) {
  # worldmet data
  library(worldmet)
  worldmet_stations <- worldmet::getMeta(lat = 42, lon = 0, n = 2, plot = FALSE)
  worldmet_subdaily_2022 <-
    worldmet::importNOAA(worldmet_stations$code, year = 2022, hourly = TRUE)

  # just convert
  worldmet2meteoland(worldmet_subdaily_2022)
  # convert and complete
  worldmet2meteoland(worldmet_subdaily_2022, complete = TRUE)

}

Write the interpolator object

Description

Write the interpolator object to a file

Usage

write_interpolator(interpolator, filename, .overwrite = FALSE)

Arguments

interpolator

meteoland interpolator object, as created by create_meteo_interpolator

filename

file name for the interpolator nc file

.overwrite

logical indicating if the file should be overwritten if it already exists

Details

This function writes the interpolator object created with create_meteo_interpolator in a NetCDF-CF standard compliant format, as specified in https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/cf-conventions.html

Value

invisible interpolator object, to allow using this function as a step in a pipe

Author(s)

Victor Granda García, EMF-CREAF

Examples



# example interpolator
data(meteoland_interpolator_example)

# temporal folder
tmp_dir <- tempdir()

# write interpolator
write_interpolator(
  meteoland_interpolator_example,
  file.path(tmp_dir, "meteoland_interpolator_example.nc"),
  .overwrite = TRUE
)

# check file exists
file.exists(file.path(tmp_dir, "meteoland_interpolator_example.nc"))

# read it again
read_interpolator(file.path(tmp_dir, "meteoland_interpolator_example.nc"))

meteoland: Landscape Meteorology Tools

Description

Author(s)

References

See Also

Add topography data to meteo object

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

See Also

Examples

Complete missing meteo variables

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Author(s)

References

Examples

Meteoland interpolator creation

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Author(s)

See Also

Examples

Default interpolation parameters

Description

Usage

Value

Author(s)

References

See Also

Retrieving interpolation parameters from interpolator object

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Author(s)

See Also

Examples

Humidity conversion tools

Description

Usage

Arguments

Value

Author(s)

See Also

Interpolation process for spatial data

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Spatial data

Author(s)

Examples

Calibration and validation of interpolation procedures

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Functions

Author(s)

References

Examples

Low-level interpolation functions

Description

Usage

Arguments

Details

Value

Functions

Author(s)